Saw welding defects pdf Specifically, if all radiographically disclosable weld defects must be eliminated from a lot of piping, 100% radiographic examination must be specified. These imperfections can significantly impact the performance, safety, and longevity of welded structures. May 11, 2024 · Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) boasts a rich history of both industrial utilization and dedicated research, encompassing a remarkable timeframe of over a century [1]. Among these defects, blow holes pose a significant concern due to their potential to weaken the weld joint and lead to catastrophic failures. 7, Recom-mended Practices for Automotive Weld Quality—Resistance Spot Welding, published by the American Welding Society. 04 Plasma Cutting 441 4. External welding defects refer to discontinuities in the weld metal that are noticeable to the naked eye. S. Jul 15, 2022 · Welding Defects Eurotech Now inteducing Welding Defects. Because viscosity is sensitive to temperature and thus heat input, pocking can be the evidence that a flux formulated for high-current welding is being used at too low a current or too great a travel speed . 01 AC/OX cutting, welding, brazing 465 producing a sound Alloy 625 weld deposit. Understanding how to properly control the SAW process variables can help avoid these defects. This is more likely to happen with high manganese, low basicity fluxes that have high viscosity at welding temperatures, preventing gases from escaping. It identifies issues such as porosity, undercutting, improper reinforcement, burn-through, and cracking that can occur when parameters like current, voltage, speed, beveling, fit-up, wire position, and granular material depth are not properly set or techniques not properly followed. Reducing In SAW, improper flux coverage or incorrect wire feed rate can lead to welding defects. 1 The principle of submerged arc welding The diagram below indicates, in schematic form, the main principles of submerged arc welding. Gas Welding • Oxy-acetylene • Air-acetylene • Oxy-hydrogen (iii). By implementing appropriate preventive measures and combining reasonable selections of welding parameters and operating methods, welding quality can be effectively Mar 21, 2019 · Welding defects - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Nov 8, 2023 · Welding is a widely used metal joining process that plays a crucial role in various industries. Lack of fusion 2. •Welding technique: Stringer beads – low dilution Weaved beads – high dilution •Welding position: Vertical-up – high dilution Horizontal, flat, vertical down – low dilution •Number of layers: As more layers are deposited, the dilution decreases •Type of weld metal: Over alloyed weld metal – less sensitive to dilution Ive seen it on some SAW welds, typically a gas bubble trapped between the surface of the bead and the slag, doesnt necessarily mean a bad weld. Phone: +1 216. 05 Brazing Rods &Fluces 249 3. SAW welding utilization Need CTQ Process Mapping The process map of the SAW welding process (Figure 5) is prepared by visually studying the Figure 5: Process Mapping Diagram of SAW Welding Process INPUT CUSTOMER PRODUCTION/ME ESTIMATING DEPTT. Sep 11, 2023 · SAW has a higher weld metal deposition rate compared to other arc welding processes. SAW is characterized by high deposition rates the weld metal produced due to incorrect welding parameters or wrong welding procedures or wrong combination of filler metal and parent metal. The document discusses submerged arc welding (SAW) process. • Preheating weld joints to help slow the cooling rate and reduce shrinkage stresses. g. These defects can occur due to improper technique, incorrect equipment settings, or poor quality materials. Seven type of Welding Defect Seven type of Common weld defects include: 1. This standard does not classify existing welding defects according to their origin but only to their appearance. Weld Quality Because of the excellent protection of the weld metal by the blanket of molten slag, SAW can produce high-quality welds with fewer weld defects than other Typical weld defects . Nov 13, 2019 · The Most Common Welding Defects: Causes and Remedies. Metal inert gas and Tungsten | Find, read and cite all the research Sep 9, 2021 · In this article, I am going to explain the 19 most common types of welding defects as well as their causes and remedies. •Not possible for the welds to be completely sound •Improper welding parameters & wrong welding procedures introduce defects in the weld metal and HAZ •Defects impair the strength of weld joints •A defective weldment fails under service conditions & causes damage to property & loss of Jul 6, 2022 · This document contains a 17 question multiple choice quiz on welding topics for a CSWIP 3. A weld flaw is any indication on a weld that can compromise the quality of the weld. It provides details on SAW characteristics, common wire grades, low alloy steel electrodes and fluxes, stainless steel electrodes and fluxes, classification of fluxes, AWS and SFA specifications for wires and fluxes, dilution in SAW, and the effect of voltage on bead width and dilution. Understanding Blow Holes Feb 26, 2020 · The first SAW pass produces the weld bead most prone to weld defects. Weld Crack This is the most unwanted defect of all the other welding defects reducing welding heat input, welding is performed while securing the minimum penetration depth and amount of deposited weld metal necessary in the joint without causing welding defects such as lack of fusion, incom-plete penetration, undercut, etc. Detection of Welding Defects. pdf Author: BRADTK Created Date: 8/4/2003 7:52:44 PM SAW: Process Fundamentals • In SAW the welding heat source is an arc maintained between a consumable electrode and the workpiece • The arc and molten metal are "submerged" in a blanket ofgranularfusible flux • The electrode is continuously fed into the arc and additional flux is distributed in front as the weld head moves along the joint Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) • Part 1 – The SAW welding process • Part 2 – Effects of welding parameters on weld metal chemistry of corrosion resistant overlays (CRO) Sep 1, 2009 · Submerged arc welding (SAW) can be a highly productive tool for fabricators, but defects can occur, which can be avoided by understanding and controlling the submerged arc welding process. 481. About WPDS: Welding Procedure Data Sheet (WPDS) is a document, used in conjunction with a WPS, detailing the welding parameters and ranges for welding a specific joint, over a range of thicknesses and weld Feb 1, 2024 · External Welding Defects. Cracking 6. See also paras. The process of SAW facilitates the effective joining of substantial steel plates in industries characterized by heavy engineering, including pipe industries, shipbuilding and the fabrication of pressure vessels [1]. Some defect types are specific to particular weld processes, but not all. • With root pass welding, quickly move the arc from the weld pool to the 9. 01 Electrode welding &gouging 331 4. Some common defect types are: A. A weld flaw can be accepted or rejected depending on three factors: type, size and location of the flaw/discontinuity. WELDING DEFECTS •Defects introduced during welding beyond the acceptance limit that can cause a weld to fail •All discontinuities are not defects. Pock marks are small surface defects that can occur in submerged arc welded carbon steel parts. Data based assessment were carried out by Jan 4, 2025 · When SAW is used in the automatic welding process, the welding torch and hopper are connected to the voltage sensing wire feeder and travel carriage. Submit Search. To achieve high quality weld bead in SAW process, it is very important to establish relationship between weld bead and parameters of welding process. For monitoring defects in welds classification and identification of defect is required. QUALITY DEPTT. what you saw the first time is likely a pr essure mark. com mayur211092@gmail. Jithu most steels. The area of the arc and molten zone gets its protection from the atmospheric contamination by submerging under a blanket of granular flux. 3. welding practice and limitations for a welding process. To identify weld defects, the three areas have mentioned above should Herringbone in SAW weld Pock mark in SAW weld Mouse footmark in SMAW weld Fig. Read file. Different types of welding defects are given below. Porosity is one of the most common defects encountered in MIG welding and is caused by either atmospheric air or weld joint contamination such as rust, paint, grease, or dirt. lincolnelectric. Crater cracks Causes • The welding ended far too abruptly. 3. The document discusses welding defects, including their causes, evaluation, and classification. Please note that a discontinuity can be termed as a defect only when, if it exceeds the specified code limit, hence we can say that every defect present in a weld metal is a discontinuity but every discontinuity present in the weld metal may not necessarily be a defect. Factors affecting weld quality will be discussed and how to avoid common weld defects will be presented. The quiz covers questions on welding processes like MMA, TIG, and SAW; welding techniques like slope in; welding defects like arc blow and lamellar tearing; welding consumables; post-weld heat treatment; and non-destructive testing methods. 17 standards categorize submerged arc welding filler wire into three groups: Herringbone in SAW weld Pock mark in SAW weld Mouse footmark in SMAW weld Fig. Weld defects may arise from incorrect welding parameters that result in too much metal in a too small area of the bevel. Many of the non-destructive techniques such as Ultrasonic test is used in identification of defect in weld. Welding Defects Common causes of defects •Welder-technique •Cleaning •Joint preparation •Joint design Welding technique Cleaning (Porosity, Fusion, Tungsten & Slag) Cleaning - slag removal Joint preparation - poor fit-up (Fusion, Penetration & Mismatch - Hi-Lo) POROSITY Causes: •Contamination •Moisture •Environment – wind, etc Nov 10, 2020 · Download file PDF Read file. 2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds and Examination Methods for Evaluating Weld Imperfections (Cont’d) NOTES: (1) Criteria given are for required examination. 8100 • www. •Shielding gas is necessary to protect weld area from atmospheric Submerged Arc Welding Fluxes. Anuj Bhatia . The weld wires are submerged in a layer of granular flux which provides shielding to weld puddle from the ambient air and allows impurities to float out of the weld before it solidifies. The filler material is an uncoated, continuous wire electrode, applied to the joint together with a flow of fine-grained flux, which is supplied from a flux hopper via a Title: SubArc Welding Book_087986. As such depending on the size of a slag particle, some slag inclusions are tolerated, i. It is an internal imperfection. According to ISO 5817 and ISO 10042, a weld can have discontinuities and still pass inspection, provided they don’t exceed certain limits. I. com Thank you. A-10. e. 344. The SAW equipment components required for submerged arc welding are shown by figure 10-59. Indian Railways The defects of weld root include crack, porosity and excess root penetration, lack of penetration and lack of fusion at the root. with no defects, Consumable Electrodes contains de-oxidising metals (Si, Mn, Ti, Al) and de-nitriding metals (zirconium) in small percentages to prevent entrapment of oxygen and nitrogen in the weld, reducing the porosity and giving continuous weld. The Submerged Arc Welding(SAW Jun 11, 2022 · 13 Common Types Of Weld Defects There are many types of welding defects, but in general, the most common weld defects are: Cracks Inclusions Lack of fusion Porosity Undercut Poor penetration Burn Oct 10, 2022 · Weld irregularities occur for a variety of reasons and it results in different welding defects. I would be thankful, if anybody can share me such literature or article having information for the same on my mail id : mayur211092@gmail. Defect Class: Shape Defects undercut open end crater weld reinforcement too small throat thickness start defects CLASSIFICATION OF WELDING PROCESSES: (i). A. Porosity 4. 3, Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding Coated Low Carbon Steels, and AWS D8. Download file PDF. It appears as small gas bubbles trapped within the weld bead, potentially weakening its strength and integrity. The SAW process has a weld metal deposition rate of up to 45 kilograms per hour against up to 5 kilograms per hour of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW/MMA) process. OUTPUT Operational Definition SAW welding machine process is defined as Dec 29, 2024 · Welding defects are flaws that occur during welding and can weaken the joint’s strength and performance. The intense heat generated with this arc melts the base metal and allows the joining of two components. Welding defects can be broadly categorized into two main types: internal and external. Crack: Crack may be microscopic scale or macroscopic scale and appear in the base metal, base metal weld metal boundary, or in the weld metal, weld Apr 4, 2024 · Types of welding defects according to EN ISO 6520-1 In the context of fusion welding, the welding imperfection that can be encountered during inspections are classified and described in the Apr 12, 2024 · However, like any welding technique, SAW is susceptible to defects that can compromise weld integrity and structural strength. Read more: Welding Defects types, their causes & prevention. This is often caused by careless fit-up of the metal before welding. 5 and 341. 03 Wire Welding 403 4. 04 Gas Welding Rods &Fluxes 241 3. To detect welding defects, magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is a commonly used non-destructive testing method. 1 to 9. Of course, slag inclusion it's not possible with MIG and TIG because MIG wire and TIG rod aren't lined. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) • Part 1 – The SAW welding process • Part 2 – Effects of welding parameters on weld metal chemistry of corrosion resistant overlays (CRO) Jan 22, 2024 · Equipment. Jan 13, 2025 · Although submerged arc welding is an efficient welding method, attention must still be paid to various defects that may arise during the welding process in practical applications. To identify weld defects, the three areas have mentioned above should Suggested Spec. The Jan 1, 2020 · These parameters are welding current, welding speed, welding current, wire diameter, welding voltage and many more. External weld defects are usually detectable via visual inspection or other methods like Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) or Dye Liquid Penetrants (DPI). Typical examples are cracks, undercuts, overlaps, porosity, spatter, etc. 03 Wires for Wire Welding 217 3. SAW Electrode wire The AWS 5. Welding Defects 108 Figures 9. Transversal defects perpendicular to the weld axis 3. Equipment consists of a welding machine or power source, the wire feeder and control system, the welding torch for automatic welding or the welding gun and cable assembly for semiautomatic welding, the flux hopper and feeding mechanism, usually a flux recovery system, and a travel mechanism –the presence or absence of defects in weld joints. Saw defects. 1. 1/ D1. Fused fluxes are manufactured using minerals, which are melted to form a glass, which is subsequently crushed to form the flux particles. For welds not ground smooth the transducer is placed alongside and not quite parallel to the weld and moved along the length, Fig. • Use a weld sequence that will help distribute stress more evenly. Resistance Welding • Butt • Spot Oxy • Seam • Projection • Percussion (iv)Thermit fewer weld defects with automatic welding. Nov 16, 2021 · In SMAW, TIG, MIG-MAG, FCAW and SAW, the main types of welding defects that occur are- Undercut, spatters, crater crack, Underfill, open to surface pore/ porosity, surface cracks (longitudinal, transverse, chevron and other types of cracks), overlap, lack of fusion on the surface or root side, excessive convexity/ concavity, and linear Herringbone in SAW weld Pock mark in SAW weld Mouse footmark in SMAW weld Fig. Welding defects. The weld should be inspected from both sides of one surface. •Not possible for the welds to be completely sound •Improper welding parameters & wrong welding procedures introduce defects in the weld metal and HAZ •Defects impair the strength of weld joints •A defective weldment fails under service conditions & causes damage to property & loss of Weld on ceramic backing at high currents. This involves applying a magnetic field to the weld area and then applying a magnetic particle solution to the surface. For SAW process Al lay 625 combined with a proper welding flux has the characteristic of “Fast Freeze” weld puddle which makes it a very good candidate for “Out of Position” welds with very good results for SAW welding near t:he ” 3 Jan 4, 2024 · But it’s worth noting that not all imperfections in a weld are classified as defects. The means by which sufficient Mar 26, 2025 · This defect typically occurs in welding processes that utilize slag as a protective medium, such as submerged arc welding (SAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Apr 2, 2010 · Travis, I've got a complete set of drawings showing every possible welding defect. The entire weld and heat affected zone should be scanned. The characteristic of the Nov 11, 2016 · This type of weld imperfection is naturally associated with welding processes using flux for shielding of welding arc and molten metal pool, e. 6 Weld seams in SAW pipe For the production of weld seams in SAW pipe, at least one submerged-arc welding pass shall be made on the inside of the pipe (ID welding) and at least one submerged-arc welding pass shall be made on the outside of the pipe (OD welding). Slag, which forms as a byproduct of the welding process, can become trapped between layers of weld metal or within the weld itself, especially during multi-layer or multi-pass (New) performed before start of Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) of seam. The Submerged Arc Welding(SAW Dec 15, 2019 · Even in a completely controlled process, defects in the welding are observed and hence welding process is also known as the process of uncertainty which challenges explanation about the cause of Jun 9, 2010 · The result is a weld metal surface blemished by surface defects or pocks. b. However, the occurrence of welding defects can significantly compromise the integrity and THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY 22801 Saint Clair Avenue • Cleveland, OH • 44117 • U. (2) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. com Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is one of the oldest automatic welding processes provided high quality weld. 4 give a rough survey about the classification of welding defects to DIN 8524. for SAW-CS - 1 - AN OVERVIEW ON SUBMERGED ARC WELDING (SAW) of CARBON STEEL (CS) Scope This document provides information on welding and related operations of steel structures which are fabricated in accordance with the terms specified in latest edition of the following Code: - AWS D1. For this reason, select the weld parameters to ensure there are no burn-through issues and achieve excellent bead shape without compromising productivity. Welding parameters and ranges are specified and used to prepare associated WPDS. com Introduction to Welding and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Course No: T06-005 . Welcome to RSKR | Rolling Stock Knowledge Resource Jul 23, 2014 · The document discusses the effects of various welding parameters and techniques on weld quality. Arc welding • Carbon arc • Metal arc • Metal inert gas • Tungsten inert gas • Plasma arc • Submerged arc • Electro-slag (ii). All welds contain features or discontinuities. Submerged arc welding fluxes absorb moisture 1. The defects in welding, a metal working or joining process, occur in the welded joints. Longitudinal defects aligned along the weld axis 2. Figure 1 shows schematic diagram of submerged arc welding (SAW) process. These defects can compromise the integrity, strength, and functionality of the weld, potentially leading to structural failures or reduced performance of the welded component. 05 Current Distribution System 459 5. Remedies • When finishing, move back the electrode to fill-up the crater. 2. SAW welding equipment consists of a power source, welding torch, flux feeding, recover and recycle system, wire feeder, wire spool or drum, seam tracking (electromechanical or laser), WeldControl 100 or 500 user interface, movement with for example PEMA Column & Boom or platform, the workpiece Welding parameters, namely electrode size, welding voltage, welding current and welding speed are four most important parameters (apart from flux) that play a major role in determining the soundness and performance of the SAW weld joint; therefore, these must be selected carefully before welding. ENGINEERING DEPTT. www. 0 External Welding Defects The various types of external defects with their causes and remedies are listed below: 2. 7 HERRINGBONE, POCK MARK, MOUSE FOOTMARK Definition: Shallow indentations on the surface of a weld Main Causes: (1) Moisture in coatings (SMAW) or fluxes (SAW) (2) Rust, paint, or moisture on the joint fusion faces Preventive Measures: Any irregularity (discontinuity or flaw) in the weld metal, which exceeds the applicable code limit, is termed as a WELD DEFECT. Welding defects generally occur in a welding process due to the inexperienced or unskilled welder or due to fundamental difficulties in the welding operation like arc welding, gas welding, etc. The causes and remedies for each defect are The welding process is computer controlled and weld alignment is automatically adjusted by a laser tracking system. Discontinuities are rejected only if they exceed specification requirement •Improper welding parameters, base metal and welding procedures introduce defects in weld metal & around The document discusses minimizing defects in submerged arc welding (SAW). those of the lack of fusion Tedelbi Processes MIG (GMAW) Welding 154557D 2018−01 Guidelines For Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) For product information, Owner’s Manual translations, and more, visit Nov 16, 2018 · But I am looking for a literature or article for pock mark porosity defect in SAW welding with fused flux. Lack of penetration or excess penetration 3. SMAW, SAW and FCAW. Porosity, for example, is always porosity, no matter if produced by SMAW, TIG or MIG. The causes and cures for each defect are explained. 2 Special Methods. Proper repair Procedure: • Jan 11, 2022 · Submerged arc welding brings user-friendliness, quality, and efficiency to the welding process. Jul 5, 2022 · Defects/imperfections in welds - porosity The characteristic features and principal causes of porosity imperfections are described. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is one of the oldest automatic welding processes provided high quality weld. Laminations within the heat-affected zone In particular for the defects of type 1 and 2, the arrangement shall be chosen to cover the complete weld cross section, to not miss particular critical defects, e. Jun 7, 2020 · Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a welding process where the tubular electrode is fed continuously to join two metals by generating heat between electrode and metal. Proper joint preparation and welding technique are important to prevent defects. Nov 10, 2014 · Welding Defects Eurotech Now inteducing Welding Defects. Therefore, by using a small diameter wire, it is possible to decrease the weld- Table 341. The main disadvantage of submerged arc welding is that it can be used only in the flat or horizontal welding positions (test positions 1G or 2G) for plate and pipe welding. . no rectifying measures are taken. cedengineering. These defects, if any, will be seen in the middle of welding in radiography film image. How to prevent welding defects? place~”on top of the weld and moved along its length, Fig. The crack begins at a void in the welding crater, caused by the solidification shrinkage. Aug 12, 2024 · Internal Welding Defects: 1) Slag Inclusion 2) Incomplete Fusion 3) Necklace cracking 4) Incompletely filled groove or incomplete penetration 2. The defects are always the same, regardless of the welding method. 341. 5. Mar 21, 2019 8 likes 3,226 views. H. Agglomerated submerged arc welding (SAW) fluxes are manufactured using minerals and metallic powders held together by silicate binders. Types of Welding Defects. External Welding Defects. The parameters used to deposit these TIG runs were recorded during the weld procedure qualification, so that the same results could be obtained on the actual Jan 13, 2025 · This type of welding defect is usually in SMAW, flux-cored welding, and SAW. guidelines on ‘best practice’ are given so welders Weld defects / imperfections - incomplete root fusion or nenetration OS These types of imperfection are more likely in consumable electrode processes (MIG, MMA and submerged arc welding) where the weld metal is 'automatically' deposited as the arc consumes the electrode wire or rod. Various weld defects such as undercut, lack of penetration, porosity, and cracks can occur during welding. While it may not necessarily impact the strength of Jul 19, 2023 · Defects affect adversely in practical situations. Welding Defect is any type of flaw in the object which requires welding. 02 TIG Welding 381 4. 1. Weld defects analysis of oil and gas project completed in Indonesia for BP . 06 Cold Repair Compounds 275 4. 1M-Structural Welding Code, Steel Welding, AWS C1. Inclusions 5. 7 HERRINGBONE, POCK MARK, MOUSE FOOTMARK Definition: Shallow indentations on the surface of a weld Main Causes: (1) Moisture in coatings (SMAW) or fluxes (SAW) (2) Rust, paint, or moisture on the joint fusion faces Preventive Measures: –the presence or absence of defects in weld joints. These are superficial or visual defects. Weld monitoring is done by evaluating the welding variables in accordance with standard of welding manual. Cracks welding process, the reader should consider whether heat is produced by the process and, if so, the manner in which it is produced. Credit: 6 PDH . They manifest on the surface of the metal weldment. They can be classified into two major categories: internal welding defects and external welding defects. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) uses the arc struck between a continuously fed electrode and the work-piece to melt the metal in the joint area and provide additional filler metal under a blanket of granular flux. More stringent criteria may be specified in the engineering design. For the examination of brazed assemblies, refer to the Brazing Handbook, also published by the American Welding Society. When the number of discontinuities surpasses these set limits, they become officially classified as defects Aug 1, 2023 · PDF | This paper aims to analyze the process of tungsten inert gas and metal inert gas welding and the defects of welding. Internal Defects In the case of defects located at mid-thickness, to prevent the subsequent SAW runs from melting of the defects, small TIG runs were deposited after notching, before resuming SAW welding. Welding defects are classified into six groups according to appearance: cracks, cavities, incomplete fusion/penetration, solid inclusions, imperfect Jan 5, 2023 · Well done, Dzevad! Your presentation reached 10,000 reads Achieved on June 22, 2024 Presentation: Welding Defects, Causes & Remedy … May 22, 2024 · A welding defect is an imperfection or irregularity in a welded joint that deviates from the desired quality or specifications. This paper covers a literature review of experiments and theories highlighting the effect of input process parameters on the mechanical properties of weld in submerged arc welding (SAW). 1 Welding Current Jan 12, 2023 · What are the common welding defects? Common welding defects include porosity, cracking, lack of fusion, and burn-through. If there is a defect in Items not examined in a lot of piping represented by such examination may contain defects which further examination could disclose. 13. They are caused by gases like carbon monoxide becoming trapped at the interface between the molten weld pool and overlying flux layer. It defines welding defects as irregularities in the weld metal produced due to incorrect welding parameters or procedures that impair weld strength. might try less flux overburden if it is SAW By Lawrence Date 12-06-2011 16:14 Edited 12-06-2011 18:20 Adequate weld metal being added to the weld bead (especially during the root pass) • Ensure that groove weld joints are being beveled to fit-up correctly. A-g. 8. Defect : An unacceptable imperfection. The welding Jan 17, 2023 · Welding Imperfections and Materials Inspection Definitions see BS EN ISO 6520-1 Imperfection:Any deviation from the ideal weld. It provides an overview of the SAW process and then discusses common defects such as insufficient penetration, melt-through, porosity, and undercut. Causes of slag inclusion: When excessive weaving is done. Geometric defects: The metal on one side of the weld is higher than the other. 1 certification. Arc welding requires striking a low-voltage, high-current arc between an electrode and the base metal. Common weld defects include undercut, lack of penetration, porosity, cracks, and incorrect weld contours. preferring submerged arc welding (SAW) in recent times. 7 HERRINGBONE, POCK MARK, MOUSE FOOTMARK Definition: Shallow indentations on the surface of welds Main Causes: (1) Moisture in coatings or fluxes (2) Rust, paint, or moisture on the joint fusion faces Preventive Measures: (1) Redry the coatings and fluxes. Best practice guidelines are given so welders can minimize Jul 1, 2017 · 1. Continuing Education and Development, Inc. The failure of a joint either in a Ferris wheel or a small workpiece, cannot be neglected. dkqyzdgdaehzdlgbtyexycgmydlyskixpjegxyliiigjnjlcwzrpcrxoptwcopcgdxwtexccjhreeelvpo